Songs my childhood taught me 1: Rhymes from the schoolyard

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Glossophilia is taking a trip down memory lane with a series of posts on childhood songs and rhymes: when we skipped in the school playground, bounced on our parents’ knees, twisted our tongues around gob-stopping riffs, learned our lessons with nifty mnemonics, and recited —  delighted — silly nonsense.

Remember the days of the old schoolyard? If you’re a grown-up boy, you probably just remember the footie and the fisticuffs more than anything else. But we girls will never forget our hours and hours of hand-clapping and skipping-rope sessions,  the longer the better, with no-one ever tripping the rope or missing a beat, breathlessly counting, and chanting the rhymes and songs — often pretty rude — that gave it all reason, shape and momentum … Continue reading

The best grammar blogs

girlattypewriter

Today is National Grammar Day in the US, and to mark the occasion we’re visiting some of the best grammar blogs on the web. This doesn’t claim to be a comprehensive list, and “best” used to describe a blog is about as vague and subjective as the laws of grammar and language are in guiding the ways we write and speak — not to mention the way we interpret, police and abide by those laws, and the way we write about them. Just as there’s an infinite variety of commentary about what goes into our mouths that is about as diverse as the culinary fare it describes, so there’s a seemingly endless choice of writers — and writings — about what comes out of our mouths. Whether delivered by an expert or a casual observer, presented as a serious study or thrown into cyberspace as a lighthearted jab, whether complaining or rejoicing, teaching or deriding, assuming airs and graces or slumming it with slang, citing the historical linguists or poking fun at the greengrocer’s apostrophe, grammar blogs come in all shapes and sizes.  Witty, serious, provocative, instructive, academic, thought-provoking, enlightening, irreverent — and any combination of the above, there’s something to suit every mood and taste. But what they all have in common — and what presumably motivates anyone who bothers to devote any time to writing about grammar — is a profound and fiercely protective love of our mother tongue. Like parents of teenagers, we try hard to exercise restraint, tolerance and good humor in the face of broken rules and astonishingly bad behavior; to set boundaries that we know will be pushed, resisted and ignored; and to pick our battles carefully. But at the end of the day we’re brimming with love, pride and awe as we watch our children evolve into adults, and this is how we feel about our language as we watch it bend and adapt to the changing needs of the mouths and keyboards it serves: we love it dearly, unconditionally, and that’s why we write about it.

Here are some of Glossophilia’s favorite blogs, in no particular order, with the blogs’ own short descriptions and author bios where available, and a note on their general ‘vibe’. (Note: I would describe most, if not all, of the blogs here as geeky — and I mean that as a compliment. It seems to be a requisite quality of any good grammar blog. And blogs with words like n-gram tagged in 64-point type don’t qualify for this list: sorry!) Please tell us about any other great grammar blogs out there.

 

Harmless Drudgery  is run by Kory Stamper, a lexicographer at Merriam-Webster who spends all day reading citations and trying to define words like “Monophysite” and “bodice ripper.” Vibe: Wide-ranging, informal/accessible, relevant, informative, thoughtful and thought-provoking.

Sentence First  is an Irishman’s blog about the English language: its usage, grammar, styles, literature, history, and quirks. Stan Carey is a scientist and writer turned editor and swivel-chair linguist. Vibe: Wide-ranging and eclectic subject matter, accessible and informal.

How To Write Badly Well has dispensed bad advice to over half a million visitors since 2009 and is now also a live comedy show. Writer Joel Stickley is the current Poet Laureate for Lincolnshire (UK) and a writer in residence for the Writers in Prison Network. His work has been featured on BBC One, Radio 4, Radio 3, Channel 4 and in various newspapers and magazines. Vibe: witty, ironic, irreverent, thoughtful.

Grammar Girl :: Quick and Dirty Tips ™ Has tips and grammar exercises to help you learn and remember all the grammar rules on punctuation, word choice, and more. Mignon Fogarty is a former magazine and technical writer, and an entrepreneur.  Vibe: Instructive, accessible, straightforward, helpful.

Grammarist is a blog devoted to English grammar and usage. Team of unnamed editors/contributors. Vibe: a straightforward compendium of usage, spelling, grammar, style, words and phrases. Vibe: Instructive, serious, comprehensive.

Mr. Verb  Language changes.  Deal with it.  Revel in it. Various contributors. Vibe: Eclectic, curious, quirky, relevant, mix of serious and irreverent.

The Diacritics write about language in our world: daily usage, current events, pop culture, historical change, and recent research. John Stokes and Sandeep Prasanna are two law students (and former linguistics undergrads) who think language is awesome. Vibe: Detailed/well-researched, eclectic, serious, and relevant.

World Wide Words  tries to record at least some part of the shifting wordscape by featuring new words, word histories, the background to words in the news, and the curiosities of native English speech. Michael Quinion writes on international English from a British viewpoint. Vibe: Serious, detailed, expert, informative.

The Proper English Foundation Proper English is a subjective concept which we have taken “to da extreme”. Unknown contributors. Vibe: Parodic, ironic, slightly acerbic, very quirky and eclectic, sometimes downright hilarious.

Grammarphobia  Grammar, etymology, usage, and more, brought to you by Patricia T. O’Conner and Stewart Kellerman. Between them, they have written five books about the English language and have more than half a century of experience as writers and editors. Vibe: Relevant, expert, informative, eclectic, accessible.

Separated by a common language Observations on British and American English by an American linguist in the UK. M Lynne Murphy is Reader* in Linguistics & English Language at the University of Sussex; made the shift from expat to dual citizen; teaches & researches semantics, pragmatics and psycholinguistics. Vibe: Detailed but accessible; expert perspective on the endlessly fascinating differences between British and American English.

Society for the Promotion of Good Grammar An online journal in which members of The Society for the Promotion of Good Grammar document their noble efforts. Vibe: Funny, lighthearted critique of signage (and other) crimes.

The virtual linguist written by Susan Harvey, or Susan Purcell, depending on who I’m with, where I am, and what I’m writing. I’m a linguist in both senses of the word. I speak and write on English linguistics and I know other languages – French, German and Russian, in my case. Vibe: Detailed, curious, knowledgeable, range of subject matter.

English Language and Usage – Stack Exchange a collaboratively edited question and answer site for linguists, etymologists, and serious English language enthusiasts. Vibe: Serious, instructive, expert, helpful.

Throw Grammar from the Train Notes from a recovering nitpicker. Jan Freeman wrote The Word, a weekly Boston Globe column, for 14 years; was an editor at the Globe from 1981 to 2001; and wrote the book Ambrose Bierce’s ‘Write It Right’: The Celebrated Cynic’s Language Peeves Deciphered, Appraised, and Annotated for 21st-Century Readers (Walker Books). Vibe: Relevant, informative, eclectic, well-researched.

Wordlady is about the fascinating, fun, and challenging things about the English language. I hope to entertain you and to help you with problems or just questions you might have with spelling and usage. I go beyond just stating what is right and what is wrong, and provide some history or some tips to help you remember. Katherine Barber, “Canada’s Word Lady”, is a best-selling author and media personality. Vibe: Detailed, informative, relevant, eclectic, knowledgeable.

Peter Harvey, linguist is a blog about language and languages, and about Lavengro Books for learners and teachers of English. Peter Harvey is an author, linguist and English-language teacher.   Vibe: Serious, expert, knowledgeable, relevant.

Real Grammar  Grammar, that is to say, the way in which a language, particularly English, is constructed, is the primary topic of this site. However, I cannot promise that I will not from time to time stray into other areas. Barrie England is an Oxford graduate in English Language and Literature and is qualified as a teacher of English to foreign learners. He has spent most of his career in government service, much of it abroad. Vibe: Timely, serious, expert, relevant.

 

Writers on writing

 

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Want to become a writer? Need some tips or advice? Check out these words of wisdom from the experts …

 

Write what should not be forgotten.
— Isabel Allende

Being a poet is one of the unhealthier jobs–no regular hours, so many temptations!
— Elizabeth Bishop

First, find out what your hero wants, then just follow him!
— Ray Bradbury

I believe more in the scissors than I do in the pencil.
— Truman Capote

My own experience is that once a story has been written, one has to cross out the beginning and the end. It is there that we authors do most of our lying.
— Anton Chekhov

I’ve always believed in writing without a collaborator, because when two people are writing the same book, each believes he gets all the worries and only half the royalties.
— Agatha Christie

Writing is an adventure.
— Winston Churchill

Every great and original writer, in proportion as he is great or original, must himself create the taste by which he is to be relished.
— Samuel Taylor Coleridge

My task…is, by the power of the written word to make you hear, to make you feel – it is, before all, to make you see. That – and no more – and it is everything.
— Joseph Conrad

A writer without interest or sympathy for the foibles of his fellow man is not conceivable as a writer.
— Joseph Conrad

Books aren’t written, they’re rewritten. Including your own. It is one of the hardest things to accept, especially after the seventh rewrite hasn’t quite done it.
— Michael Crichton

People do not deserve to have good writing, they are so pleased with bad.
— Ralph Waldo Emerson

It begins with a character, usually, and once he stands up on his feet and begins to move, all I can do is trot along behind him with a paper and pencil trying to keep up long enough to put down what he says and does.
— William Faulkner

Find the key emotion; this may be all you need know to find your short story.
— F. Scott Fitzgerald

You have to develop a conscience and if on top of that you have talent so much the better. But if you have talent without conscience, you are just one of many thousand journalists.
— F. Scott Fitzgerald

I am irritated by my own writing. I am like a violinist whose ear is true, but whose fingers refuse to reproduce precisely the sound he hears within.
— Gustave Flaubert

A novel must give a sense of permanence as well as a sense of life.
— E. M. Forster

Suspense: the only literary tool that has any effect upon tyrants and savages.
— E. M. Forster

You can be a little ungrammatical if you come from the right part of the country.
— Robert Frost

There’s no money in poetry, but then there’s no poetry in money either.
— Robert Graves

It’s better to write about things you feel than about things you know about.
— L. P. Hartley

Nothing you write, if you hope to be any good, will ever come out as you first hoped.
— Lillian Helman

Easy writing makes hard reading.
— Ernest Hemingway

The first draft of anything is shit.
— Ernest Hemingway

Prose is architecture, not interior decoration.
— Ernest Hemingway

To write fiction, one needs a whole series of inspirations about people in an actual environment, and then a whole lot of work on the basis of those inspirations.
— Aldous Huxley

Half my life is an act of revision.
— John Irving

Writing is not primarily escape, but use.
— Henry James

The most valuable of all talents is that of never using two words when one will do.
— Thomas Jefferson

It is advantageous to an author that his book should be attacked as well as praised. Fame is a shuttlecock. If it be struck at one end of the  room, it will soon fall to the ground. To keep it up, it must be struck at both ends.
— Samuel Johnson

Write in recollection and amazement for yourself.
— Jack Kerouac

I try to create sympathy for my characters, then turn the monsters loose.
— Stephen King

Any word you have to hunt for in a thesaurus is the wrong word. There are no exceptions to this rule.
— Stephen King

Close the door. Write with no one looking over your shoulder. Don’t try to figure out what other people want to hear from you; figure out what you have to say. It’s the one and only thing you have to offer.
— Barbara Kingsolver

Words are the most powerful drug used by mankind.
— Rudyard Kipling

When genuine passion moves you, say what you’ve got to say, and say it hot.
— D.H. Lawrence

I try to leave out the parts that people skip.
— Elmore Leonard

Great is the art of beginning, but greater is the art of ending.
— Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

A writer is somebody for whom writing is more difficult than it is for other people.
— Thomas Mann

If you can tell stories, create characters, devise incidents, and have sincerity and passion, it doesn’t matter a damn how you write.
— W. Somerset Maugham

Stick to the point.
— W. Somerset Maugham

Writing is its own reward.
— Henry Miller

I always do the first line well, but I have trouble with the others.
— Moliere

Only ambitious nonentities and hearty mediocrities exhibit their rough drafts. It’s like passing around samples of sputum.
— Vladimir Nabokov

The author must keep his mouth shut when his work starts to speak.
— Frederich Nietzsche

All writers are vain, selfish and lazy, and at the very bottom of their motives lies a mystery. Writing a book is a long, exhausting struggle, like a long bout of some painful illness. One would never undertake such a thing if one were not driven by some demon whom one can neither resist nor understand.
— George Orwell

All a poet can do is warn.
— Wilfred Owen

There’s no such thing as writer’s block. That was invented by people in California who couldn’t write.
— Terry Pratchett

The duty and the task of a writer are those of an interpreter.
— Marcel Proust

How do you write? You write, man, you write, that’s how, and you do it the way the old English walnut tree puts forth leaf and fruit every year by the thousands. . . . If you practice an art faithfully, it will make you wise, and most writers can use a little wising up.
— William Saroyen

Poetry creates the myth, the prose writer draws its portrait.
— Jean-Paul Sartre

And as imagination bodies forth the forms of things unknown, the poet’s pen turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothings a local habitation and a name.
— William Shakespeare

The road to ignorance is paved with good editors.
— George Bernard Shaw

By writing much, one learns to write well.
— Robert Southey

Remarks are not literature.
— Gertrude Stein

In a writer there must always be two people – the writer and the critic.
— Leo Tolstoy

As for the adjective, when in doubt leave it out.
— Mark Twain

The test of any good fiction is that you should care something for the characters; the good to succeed, the bad to fail. The trouble with most fiction is that you want them all to land in hell, together, as quickly as possible.
— Mark Twain

The measure of artistic merit is the length to which a writer is willing to go in following his own compulsions.
— John Updike

I suspect that one of the reasons we create fiction is to make sex exciting.
— Gore Vidal

The adjective is the enemy of the noun.
— Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire

I have long felt that any reviewer who expresses rage and loathing for a novel is preposterous. He or she is like a person who has just put on full armor and attacked a hot fudge sundae or banana split.
— Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.

No one can write decently who is distrustful of the reader’s intelligence or whose attitude is patronizing.
— E. B. White

A poet can survive everything but a misprint.
— Oscar Wilde

I believe there are two ways of writing novels. One is mine, making a sort of musical comedy without music and ignoring real life altogether; the other is going right deep down into life and not caring a damn.
— P. G. Wodehouse

A woman must have money and room of her own if she is to write fiction.
— Virginia Woolf

Inside every fat book is a thin book trying to get out.
— Unknown

March

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“March is the month of expectation,
The things we do not know,
The Persons of Prognostication
Are coming now.
We try to sham becoming firmness,
But pompous joy
Betrays us, as his first betrothal
Betrays a boy.”
—  Emily Dickinson, XLVIII

 

The cock is crowing,
The stream is flowing,
The small birds twitter,
The lake doth glitter,
The green field sleeps in the sun;
The oldest and youngest
Are at work with the strongest;
The cattle are grazing,
Their heads never raising;
There are forty feeding like one!
Like an army defeated
The snow hath retreated,
And now doth fare ill
On the top of the bare hill;
The Plowboy is whooping-anon-anon:
There’s joy in the mountains;
There’s life in the fountains;
Small clouds are sailing,
The rain is over and gone!
—   William Wordsworth, March

 

Very old are the woods;
And the buds that break
Out of the brier’s boughs,
When March winds wake,
So old with their beauty are—
Oh, no man knows
Through what wild centuries
Roves back the rose.
Very old are the brooks;
And the rills that rise
Where snow sleeps cold beneath
The azure skies
Sing such a history
Of come and gone,
Their every drop is as wise
As Solomon.

Very old are we men;
Our dreams are tales
Told in dim Eden
By Eve’s nightingales;
We wake and whisper awhile,
But, the day gone by,
Silence and sleep like fields
Of amaranth lie.
— Walter de la Mare, All That’s Past

 

Where did Gabriel get a lily,
In the month of March,
When the green
Is hardly seen
On the early larch?
Though I know just where they grow,
I have pulled no daffodilly
Where did Gabriel get a lily,
In the month of March?
Could I bring the tardy Spring
Under Her foot’s arch,
Near or far,
The primrose star,
Should bloom with violets, — willy-nilly.
Where did Gabriel get a lily,
In the month of March?
— Grace James, in Country Life

 

“Daffodils,
That come before the swallow dares, and take
The winds of March with beauty.”
—  William Shakespeare, The Winter’s Tale

 

“Indoors or out, no one relaxes in March, that month of wind and taxes, the wind will presently disappear, the taxes last us all the year.”
—  Ogden Nash 

 

“It was one of those March days when the sun shines hot and the wind blows cold:  when it is summer in the light, and winter in the shade.”
—  Charles Dickens, Great Expectations

 

The Waters of March

A stick, a stone, it’s the end of the road
It’s the rest of a stump, it’s a little alone

It’s a sliver of glass, it is life, it’s the sun
It is night, it is death, it’s a trap, it’s a gun

The oak when it blooms, a fox in the brush
The knot in the wood, the song of a thrush

The wood of the wind, a cliff, a fall
A scratch, a lump, it is nothing at all

It’s the wind blowing free, it’s the end of the slope
It’s a beam, it’s a void, it’s a hunch, it’s a hope

And the river bank talks of the waters of March
It’s the end of the strain, It’s the joy in your heart

The foot, the ground, the flesh and the bone
The beat of the road, a slingshot’s stone

A truckload of bricks in the soft morning light
A shot of a gun in the dead of the night

A mile, a must, a thrust, a bump,
It’s a girl, it’s a rhyme, it’s a cold, it’s the mumps
.
The plan of the house, the body in bed
And the car that got stuck, it’s the mud, it’s the mud

A float, a drift, a flight, a wing
A hawk, a quail, oh, the promise of spring

And the river bank talks of the waters of March
It’s the promise of life, it’s the joy in your heart (repeat)

A point, a grain, a bee, a bite
A blink, a buzzard, a sudden stroke of night

A pin, a needle, a sting, a pain
A snail, a riddle, a wasp, a stain

A snake, a stick, it is John, it is Joe
A fish, a flash, a silvery glow

The bed of the well, the end of the line
The dismay on the face, it’s a loss, it’s a find

A spear, a spike, a point, a nail
A drip, drip, drip, drop, the end of the day

And the river bank talks of the waters of March
It’s the promise of life in your heart, in your heart (repeat)

the end of the road, a little alone

A sliver of glass, a life, the sun
A knife, a death, the end of the run

And the river bank talks of the waters of March
It’s the promise of life, it’s the joy in your heart

And the river bank talks of the waters of March
It’s the promise of life, it’s the joy in your heart

The waters of March,

And the river bank talks of the waters of March
It’s the promise of life, it’s the joy in your heart

The waters of March

         — a Brazilian song composed by Antonio Carlos Jobim

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrmcSJGvz4s

How many languages can a polyglot speak?

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It’s not at all unusual to be bilingual. Most of us monoglots know at least one person who knows, speaks and even thinks in more than one language; dyoglots and triaglots (those who speak two and three languages respectively) are common enough to have their own names, and those who speak four languages or more are generally known as polyglots. There are actually adjectives to describe those who speak a certain number of languages all the way up to ten;  each has a Latin number prefix:

Speaking 1 language:  Monolingual
Speaking 2 languages:  Bilingual
3 languages: Trilingual
4:  Quadrilingual
5:  Pentalingual
6:  Hexalingual
7:  Septalingual
8:  Octolingual
9:  Nonalingual
10:  Decalingual

But the descriptors seem to end there. Does this mean that humans are incapable of being fluent in more than ten languages? Or simply that such fortunate multi-linguals are too few and far between to deserve their own adjectives? Is it possible to know more languages than we can count on our fingers? Is there a limit to how many languages we can master?

mental_floss explores these questions in an article published today …

 

How Many Languages is it Possible to Know?

by Arika Okrent
Image credit: ThinkStock

There are millions of people, even in the mostly monolingual US, who speak more than one language at home. Competence in three languages is not unusual, and we’ve all heard stories of grandmas and grandpas who had to master four or five languages on their way from the old country to the new. In India it is common for people to go about their business every day using five or six different languages. But what about 10, 20, 30, 100 languages? What’s the upper limit on the number of languages a person can know?

Find out and read more at mental_floss: http://mentalfloss.com/article/49138/how-many-languages-it-possible-know#sthash.hKE7q7q8.dpuf

Chaucer, mating birds, a fertility festival: Valentine’s Day

For this was on seynt Volantynys day
Whan euery bryd comyth there to chese his make.
— Chaucer, Parlement of Foules, c.1381

Valentine is a name (usually masculine) derived from the Roman family name Valentinus, which in turn comes from the Latin word valens meaning “strong, vigorous and healthy”. Valentine was the name of several saints of the Roman Catholic Church. As an English Christian name, Valentine has been used occasionally since the 12th century; it was first recorded as a given name in Wiltshire’s Curia Rolls in 1198 — as Valentinus. The surname was first recorded in the mid 13th century.

How did St. Valentine’s Day (on February 14) come to be associated with romantic love? It certainly has nothing to do with the name Valentine itself.  There was a Saint Valentine, a 3rd-century saint and martyr ,whose feast day fell on February 14 — a day before the Roman fertility festival of Lupercalia that was observed on February 15. With the rise of Christianity in Europe, pagan holidays were often renamed for and even moved to the feast days of early Christian martyrs in order to boost participation and involvement in church occasions, so it’s possible that the fertility festival and Valentine’s feast day became one — and so assumed the notions of romantic love associated with mating and fertility.

As Chaucer wrote in his Parlement of Foules in the late 14th century, Valentines was the day in early spring on which birds would choose their mates; some argue that this was the reason for Valentine’s Day — named after the saint and his feast day — to be thought of as one of love.

 

 

The language of love

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It’s Valentine’s Day. Here’s how to say those three little words in 44 different languages:

Afrikaans: Ek is lief vir jou

Bulgarian: Obicham te

Bangla: Ami tumake Bhalobashi

Cantonese: Ngo oi nei

Catalan: T’estimo

Croatian: Volim te

Czech: Miluji te

Danish: Jeg elsker dig

Dutch: Ik hou van je

English: I love you

Esperanto: Mi amas vin

Estonian: Ma armastan sind

Ethiopian (Amharic): Ewedishale hu

Farsi: Dooset daram

Filipino: Mahal kita

Finnish: Rakastan sinua

French: Je t’aime

German: Ich liebe dich

Greek: S’agapao

Haitian creole: Mwen renmen ou

Hawaiian: Aloha Au Ia’oe

Hebrew: Ani ohev otach (man to woman); Ani ohevet ot’cha (woman to man)

Hindi: Mai tumse pyar kartaa hoo (man to woman); Mai tumse pyar karti hoo (woman to man)

Hungarian: Szeretlek

Icelandic: Ég elska þig

Indonesian: Aku mencintaimu

Irish: Tá grá agam duit

Italian: Ti amo

Japanese: Ai shi teru

Korean: Saranghae

Latin: Te amo

Mandarin: Wo ai ni

Norwegian: Jeg elsker deg

Polish: Ja cie kocham

Portuguese: Eu te amo

Romanian: Te iubesc

Russian: Ya tebya liubliu

Serbian: Volim te

Slovenian: Ljubim te

Spanish: Te amo

Swedish: Jag älskar dig

Turkish: Seni seviyorum

Vietnamese: Em yeu anh (woman to man); Anh yeu em (man to woman)

Welsh: Rwy’n dy garu di, or Rwy’n caru ti

 

 

20 Words Inspired by Real People

It’s generally well known that the wellington boot was named after the first Duke of Wellington, who first came up with the idea of that particular style of footwear. Here’s a fascinating piece on Flavorwire about words like this whose origins can be traced back to people in history. Who knew, for example, that ‘decibel’ is named after Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone?

http://www.flavorwire.com/369827/20-words-you-didnt-know-were-inspired-by-people

 

20 Words You Didn’t Know Were Inspired by People

By Emily Temple  on

Given that all we do is write about culture all day, we at Flavorpill are always fascinated by words and the tricksy ways they come to be. Recently, we’ve been thinking about the etymology of common words, particularly the ones that can be traced back to specific people in history, whether authors, scientists, or just wealthy estate agents who were, well, boycotted by the town around them. After the jump, twenty common words that originated as people’s names — and there are many more, so add your favorite to the list in the comments!

The 7th Earl of Cardigan. Portrait by Sir Francis Grant

begonia — “Any of various tropical or subtropical plants of the genus Begonia, widely cultivated as ornamentals for their usually asymmetrical, brightly colored leaves.” After Michel Bégon (1638-1710), former governor of the French colony of Haiti and patron of botany.

bloomers — “A costume formerly worn by women and girls that was composed of loose trousers gathered about the ankles and worn under a short skirt.” After Amelia Bloomer, a women’s rights advocate who popularized the style in the early 1850s.

Read the rest of the Flavorwire piece to discover the other 18 words …

http://www.flavorwire.com/369827/20-words-you-didnt-know-were-inspired-by-people